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Transactive memory is a psychological hypothesis first proposed by Daniel Wegner in 1985 as a response to earlier theories of "group mind" equivalent to groupthink. A transactive memory system is a mechanism by way of which teams collectively encode, store, and retrieve data. A transactive memory system consists of memory saved in each individual, the interactions between memory throughout the people, as properly because the processes that replace this memory. Transactive memory, then, is the shared store of information. In line with Wegner, a transactive memory system consists of the knowledge saved in each individual's memory mixed with metamemory containing data regarding the completely different teammate's domains of expertise. The transactive memory system works equally to exterior memory, where other members of the group are the external memory help. Simply as a person's metamemory allows them to pay attention to what information is accessible for retrieval, so does the transactive memory system present teammates with data relating to the information they've access to within the group.

Group members learn who data experts are and find out how to access experience by means of communicative processes. In this manner, a transactive memory system can present the group members with more and better knowledge than any particular person may entry on their very own. This idea proposed that when two people spend a whole lot of time round each other and work together, they create a shared retailer of data between the members. In essence, one member of the couple might store info within their accomplice and then recall that information by asking their accomplice about it. This idea was different and unique from different descriptions of socially distributed cognition in that it describes a situation where individuals hold totally different data in comparison with shared data, and members of the group interact in transactions to assist in recall of the stored information. In a current overview, Ren and Argote described transactive memory as existing of each a structural element (the linkages of particular person memory to the collective) and transactive processes that make the transactive memory dynamic.

Wegner first proposed these three processes which occur in groups that lead to the formation and reification of transactive memory: encoding, storage, and retrieval described more beneath. The explanation for these findings are that couples understand how greatest to remind each other of the knowledge they have, and that couples have a very good conception of the other's information and can subsequently keep away from memorizing phrases inside their accomplice's domain. Strangers don't have entry to this similar shared info which results in poorer efficiency in these sorts of duties. Transactive memory was additional extended by Diane Liang and colleagues into the realm of labor teams. On this work, the event of transactive memory was conceived of as a approach to improve group's efficiency when partaking in interdependent tasks. After this extension, transactive memory turned extra prolific in organizational behavior amongst other disciplines. Similar to human memory, the event of a transactive memory system involves three phases: encoding, storage and retrieval. These processes are transactive, that means that they're updated as members exchange information with one another.

In the encoding stage, the teammates achieve information on the other group members' domains of knowledge and categorize it by ascribing every data domain to the corresponding crew member. Generally, this acquaintance can emerge by means of "who did what" or "who is aware of what" dialog, or even via direct instruction akin to by telling a teammate to remember sure data. There might even be discussion and negotiation of where and in what kind to retailer info in the group. The encoding course of is essential in the development of transactive memory. Encoding happens by way of interplay between teammates: by way of sharing knowledge and seeking information from different team members, teammates study the expertise of each crew member as a primary essential step in the direction of specialization. These consultants then are liable for persevering with to encode new and relevant information of their domains of data. Within the storage stage, the relevant data is saved in the possession of the staff member, or members, with the corresponding expertise; once the specialists have been recognized, MemoryWave Official new data is transmitted directly to these staff members.

This improves the learning process and reduces the load on the memory of particular person teammates. With transactive memory storage, a group member solely has to remember the knowledge in their area of experience, while they only have to recollect what the other members' domains of experience are moderately than storing all the knowledge in the transactive memory. Data could also be additionally misplaced or modified throughout storage for transitive memory, as is the case in individual memory. These modifications, nevertheless, could also be even more rapid and impactful than in particular person memory as a result of the knowledge is scattered and saved with multiple members in the group, MemoryWave Official making the information more readily replaced with misinformation. During the retrieval stage, a group member uses the developed transactive memory to identify a gaggle member that specializes within the required knowledge area and then turns to that member to attain the knowledge. If the inquiring member has not encoded of their particular person metamemory who specializes in the knowledge, retrieval may be initiated by asking different members in the storage system for who the knowledgeable who focuses on the data they want to retrieve is, then connecting with that skilled after a collection of consultations.